Skip to main content

Non-contiguous finished genome sequence of Aminomonas paucivorans type strain (GLU-3T)

Abstract

Aminomonas paucivorans Baena et al. 1999 is the type species of the genus Aminomonas, which belongs to the family Synergistaceae. The species is of interest because it is an asaccharolytic chemoorganotrophic bacterium which ferments quite a number of amino acids. This is the first finished genome sequence (with one gap in a rDNA region) of a member of the genus Aminomonas and the third sequence from the family Synergistaceae. The 2,630,120 bp long genome with its 2,433 protein-coding and 61 RNA genes is a part of the Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea project.

Introduction

Strain GLU-3T (= DSM 12260 = ATCC BAA-6) is the type strain of the species Aminomonas paucivorans, which in turn is the type and only species of the genus Aminomonas [1,2]. The generic name derives from the Latin word ‘aminum’ meaning ‘amine’ and the Greek word ‘monas’ meaning ‘a unit or monad’, referring to amine-degrading monads [2]. The species epithet is derived from the Latin word ‘paucus’ meaning ‘few or little’ and the Latin word ‘vorans’ meaning ‘digesting’, referring to digesting little [2]. Strain GLU-3T was isolated from anaerobic sludge of a dairy wastewater treatment plant in SantaFe de Bogota, Colombia [2]. So far, no further isolates have been obtained for A. paucivorans. Here we present a summary classification and a set of features for A. paucivorans GLU-3T, together with the description of the non-contiguous finished genomic sequencing and annotation.

Classification and features

The 16S rRNA gene of A. paucivorans GLU-3T shares 96% sequence identity with that of the type strain of Thermanaerovibrio acidaminovorans, which was isolated from an upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor of a sugar refinery, Breda, the Netherlands [3] (Figure 1), and 82.2-96.4% sequence identity with the type strains from the other members of the family Synergistaceae [11]. The sequences of four marine metagenomic clones in the env_nt database, 1096626071844 (AACY020063505), 1096626840052 (AACY020539193), 1096626748225 (AACY020105546) and 1096626774924 (AACY020274567) share 96% sequence identity with A. paucivorans GLU-3T (as of October 2010). A representative genomic 16S rRNA sequence of A. paucivorans was compared using NCBI BLAST under default values with the most recent release of the Greengenes database [12] and the relative frequencies of taxa and keywords, weighted by BLAST scores, were determined. The four most frequent genera were Thermanaerovibrio (65.5%), Aminomonas (18.0%), Anaerobaculum (9.0%) and Aminiphilus (7.6%). The species yielding the highest score was T. acidaminovorans. The five most frequent keywords within the labels of environmental samples which yielded hits were ‘anaerobic’ (7.2%), ‘sludge’ (6.9%), ‘wastewater’ (6.8%), ‘municipal’ (6.8%) and ‘digester’ (6.7%). These keywords corroborate the physiological and ecological features on strain GLU-3T as depicted in the original description [2].The single most frequent keyword within the labels of environmental samples which yielded hits of a higher score than the highest scoring species was ‘harbor/sediment’ (50.0%).

Figure 1.
figure 1

Phylogenetic tree highlighting the position of A. paucivorans GLU-3T relative to the other type strains within the family Synergistaceae. The tree was inferred from 1,347 aligned characters [4,5] of the 16S rRNA gene sequence under the maximum likelihood criterion [6] and rooted in accordance with the current taxonomy. The branches are scaled in terms of the expected number of substitutions per site. Numbers above branches are support values from 1,000 bootstrap replicates [7] if larger than 60%. Lineages with type strain genome sequencing projects registered in GOLD [8] are shown in blue, published genomes in bold [3,9,10].

Figure 1 shows the phylogenetic neighborhood of A. paucivorans GLU-3T in a 16S rRNA based tree. The sequences of the three 16S rRNA gene copies in the genome of A. paucivorans differ from each other by up to one nucleotide, and differ by up to eleven nucleotides from the previously published 16S rRNA sequence (AF072581), which contains 59 ambiguous base calls (ambiguous bases not count as differences).

Genome sequencing and annotation

Genome project history

This organism was selected for sequencing on the basis of its phylogenetic position [18], and is part of the Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea project [19]. The genome project is deposited in the Genome OnLine Database [8,20] and the non-contiguous finished genome sequence has been deposited in DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the accession AEIV00000000. The version described in this paper is the first version, AEIV01000000. Sequencing, finishing and annotation were performed by the DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI). A summary of the project information is shown in Table 2.

A. paucivorans GLU-3T is described as Gram-negative, slightly curved, rod-shaped bacterium (0.3 × 4.0–6.0 µm), which occurs singly or in pairs (Figure 2 and Table 1). Colonies of strain GLU-3T are round, smooth and white, with a diameter up to 1 mm [2]. Strain GLU-3T does not produce endospores [2]. The organism does not have flagella and motility is not observed [2], although plenty of motility genes are present in the genome. Strain GLU-3T is a strictly anaerobic, mesophilic, chemoorganotrophic and asaccharolytic bacterium [2]. The temperature range for growth is 20–40°C, with an optimum at 35°C [2]. The pH range for growth is 6.7–8.3, with an optimum at 7.5 [2]. The organism does not require NaCl for growth but tolerates up to 2.0% [2]. The optimum growth occurs in media with 0.05–0.5% of NaCl [2]. The species requires yeast extract for growth [2]. The organism is able to ferment arginine, histidine, glutamine, threonine, and glycine [2]. Arginine is fermented to acetate, formate and ornithine [2]. Histidine is fermented to acetate and formate [2]. Glutamate is fermented to acetate, formate and trace amounts of propionate [2]. Threonine and glycine are fermented to acetate [2]. Casamino acid, peptone and cysteine are only poorly used by the strain GLU-3T, and acetate is the end-product of the amino acid metabolism [2]. A mixed culture of strain GLU-3T and Methanobacterium formicicum does not extend the range of substrate utilization [2], as is observed for, e.g., Aminobacterium colombiense - [9]. Methane is not detectable in mixed cultures, when grown in glycine and threonine [2], however, the end-product profiles are the same as in pure culture [2]. The major end-product is shifted from acetate to propionate, when strain GLU-3T was grown together with M. formicicum on arginine, histidine and glutamate [2]. Ornithine is not accumulated during arginine degradation in mixed culture [2]. Strain GLU-3T does not degrade alanine and branched-chain amino acids, valine, leucine and isoleucine either in pure culture or in syntrophic growth with M. formicicum [2]. Also, the range of amino acid utilization is not increased in co-culture with M. formicicum [2]. Strain GLU-3T does not grow on carbohydrates, gelatin, casein, pyruvate, succinate, malate, fumarate, α-ketoglutarate, mesaconate, β-methylaspartate, oxaloacetate, glycerol, ethanol, acetate, propionate, butyrate, lactate, citrate, leucine, lysine, alanine, valine, proline, serine, methionine, asparagines, phenylalanine and aspartate [2]. The organism does not utilize sulfate, thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, sulfite, nitrate and fumarate as electron acceptors [2].

Figure 2.
figure 2

Scanning electron micrograph of A. paucivorans GLU-3T

Chemotaxonomy

No chemotaxonomic data are currently available for A. paucivorans or for other members of the genus Aminomonas.

Table 1. Classification and general features of A. paucivorans GLU-3T according to the MIGS recommendations [13].
Table 2. Genome sequencing project information

Growth conditions and DNA isolation

A. paucivorans GLU-3T, DSM 12260, was grown anaerobically in DSMZ medium 846 (Anaerobic Serine/Arginine medium) [21] at 37°C. DNA was isolated from 0.5–1 g of cell paste using the MasterPure Gram-positive DNA purification kit (Epicentre MGP04100) following the standard protocol as recommended by the manufacturer, with modification st/LALM for cell lysis as described in Wu et al. [19].

Genome sequencing and assembly

The genome was sequenced using a combination of Illumina and 454 sequencing platforms. All general aspects of library construction and sequencing can be found at the JGI website [22]. Pyrosequencing reads were assembled using the Newbler assembler version 2.0.00.20-PostRelease-11-05-2008-gcc-3.4.6 (Roche). The initial Newbler assembly consisted of 126 contigs in 103 scaffolds and was converted into a phrap assembly by making fake reads from the consensus for collecting the read pairs in the 454 paired end library. Illumina GAii sequencing data (525.3 Mb) was assembled with Velvet [23] and the consensus sequences were shredded into 1.5 kb overlapped fake reads and assembled together with the 454 data. The 454 draft assembly was based on 190.7 Mb 454 draft data and all of the 454 paired end data. Newbler parameters were -consed -a 50 -l 350 -g -m -ml 20.

The Phred/Phrap/Consed software package [24] was used for sequence assembly and quality assessment in the subsequent finishing process. After the shotgun stage, reads were assembled with parallel phrap (High Performance Software, LLC). Possible mis-assemblies were corrected with gapResolution (http://www.jgi.doe.gov/), Dupfinisher, or sequencing cloned bridging PCR fragments with subcloning or transposon bombing (Epicentre Biotechnologies, Madison, WI) [25]. Gaps between contigs were closed by editing in Consed, by PCR and by Bubble PCR primer walks (J.-F.Chang, unpublished). A total of 259 additional reactions were necessary to close gaps and to raise the quality of the finished sequence. Illumina reads were also used to correct potential base errors and increase consensus quality using a software (Polisher) developed at JGI [26]. The error rate of the completed genome sequence is less than 1 in 100,000. Together, the combination of the Illumina and 454 sequencing platforms provided 274.4× coverage of the genome. The final assembly contained 535, 052 pyrosequences and 15,007,632 Illumina reads.

Genome annotation

Genes were identified using Prodigal [25] as part of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory genome annotation pipeline, followed by a round of manual curation using the JGI GenePRIMP pipeline [26]. The predicted CDSs were translated and used to search the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) nonredundant database, UniProt, TIGR-Fam, Pfam, PRIAM, KEGG, COG, and InterPro databases. Additional gene prediction analysis and functional annotation was performed within the Integrated Microbial Genomes - Expert Review (IMG-ER) platform [27].

Genome properties

The genome consists of a 2,630,120 bp long chromosome with an overall GC content of 67.6% (Table 3 and Figure 3). Of the 2,494 genes predicted, 2,433 were protein-coding genes, and 61 RNAs; 34 pseudogenes were also identified. The majority of the protein-coding genes (77.2%) were assigned with a putative function while the remaining ones were annotated as hypothetical proteins. The distribution of genes into COGs functional categories is presented in Table 4.

Figure 3.
figure 3

Graphical circular map of the genome. From outside to the center: Genes on forward strand (color by COG categories), Genes on reverse strand (color by COG categories), RNA genes (tRNAs green, rRNAs red, other RNAs black), GC content, GC skew.

Table 3. Genome Statistics
Table 4. Number of genes associated with the general COG functional categories

References

  1. Garrity G. NamesforLife. BrowserTool takes expertise out of the database and puts it right in the browser. Microbiol Today 2010; 37:9.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Baena S, Fardeau ML, Ollivier B, Labat M, Thomas P, Garcia JL, Patel BK. Aminomonas paucivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a mesophilic, anaerobic, amino-acid-utilizing bacterium. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1999; 49:975–982. PubMed doi:10.1099/00207713-49-3-975

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Chovatia M, Sikorski J, Schröder M, Lapidus A, Nolan M, Tice H, Glavina Del Rio T, Copeland A, Cheng JF, Lucas S, et al. Complete genome sequence of Thermanaerovibrio acidaminovorans type strain (Su883T). Stand Genomic Sci 2009; 1:254–261. doi:10.4056/sigs.40645

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Castresana J. Selection of conserved blocks from multiple alignments for their use in phylogenetic analysis. Mol Biol Evol 2000; 17:540–552. PubMed

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Lee C, Grasso C, Sharlow MF. Multiple sequence alignment using partial order graphs. Bioinformatics 2002; 18:452–464. PubMed doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/18.3.452

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Stamatakis A, Hoover P, Rougemont J. A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML Web servers. Syst Biol 2008; 57:758–771. PubMed doi:10.1080/10635150802429642

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Pattengale ND, Alipour M, Bininda-Emonds ORP, Moret BME, Stamatakis A. How many bootstrap replicates are necessary? Lect Notes Comput Sci 2009; 5541:184–200. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02008-7_13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Liolios K, Chen IM, Mavromatis K, Tavernarakis N, Hugenholtz P, Markowitz VM, Kyrpides NC. The Genomes On Line Database (GOLD) in 2009: status of genomic and metagenomic projects and their associated metadata. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 38:D346–D354. PubMed doi:10.1093/nar/gkp848

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Chertkov O, Sikorski J, Brambilla E, Lapidus A, Copeland A, Glavina Del Rio T, Nolan M, Lucas S, Tice H, Cheng JF, et al. Complete genome sequence of Aminobacterium colombiense type strain (ALA-1T). Stand Genomic Sci 2010; 2:280–289. doi:10.4056/sigs.902116

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. LaButti K, Mayilraj S, Clum A, Lucas S, Glavina Del Rio T, Nolan M, Tice H, Cheng JF, Pitluck S, Liolios K, et al. Permanent draft genome sequence of Dethiosulfovibrio peptidovorans type strain (SEBR 4207T). Stand Genomic Sci 2010; 3:85–92. doi:10.4056/sigs.1092865

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Chun J, Lee JH, Jung Y, Kim M, Kim S, Kim BK, Lim YW. EzTaxon: a web-based tool for the identification of prokaryotes based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2007; 57:2259–2261. PubMed doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64915-0

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. DeSantis TZ, Hugenholtz P, Larsen N, Rojas M, Brodie EL, Keller K, Huber T, Dalevi D, Hu P, Andersen GL. Greengenes, a chimera-checked 16S rRNA gene database and workbench compatible with ARB. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:5069–5072. PubMed doi:10.1128/AEM.03006-05

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Field D, Garrity G, Gray T, Morrison N, Selengut J, Sterk P, Tatusova T, Thomson N, Allen MJ, Angiuoli SV, et al. The minimum information about a genome sequence (MIGS) specification. Nat Biotechnol 2008; 26:541–547. PubMed doi:10.1038/nbt1360

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML. Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87:4576–4579. PubMed doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Jumas-Bilak E, Roudiere L, Marchandin H. Description of ‘Synergistetes’ phyl. nov. and emended description of the phylum ‘Deferribacteres’ and of the family Syntrophomonadaceae, phylum ‘Firmicutes’. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2009; 59:1028–1035. PubMed doi:10.1099/ijs.0.006718-0

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Biological Agents. Classification of Bacteria and Archaea in risk groups. www.baua.de TRBA 466

  17. Ashburner M, Ball CA, Blake JA, Botstein D, Butler H, Cherry JM, Davis AP, Dolinski K, Dwight SS, Eppig JT, et al. Gene Ontology: tool for the unification of biology. Nat Genet 2000; 25:25–29. PubMed doi:10.1038/75556

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Klenk HP, Goeker M. En route to a genome-based classification of Archaea and Bacteria? Syst Appl Microbiol 2010; 33:1 75–182. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2010.03.003

    Google Scholar 

  19. Wu D, Hugenholtz P, Mavromatis K, Pukall R, Dalin E, Ivanova NN, Kunin V, Goodwin L, Wu M, Tindall BJ, et al. A phylogeny-driven genomic encyclopaedia of Bacteria and Archaea. Nature 2009; 462:1056–1060. PubMed doi:10.1038/nature08656

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Liolios K, Mavromatis K, Tavernarakis N, Kyrpides NC. The Genomes On Line Database (GOLD) in 2007: status of genomic and metagenomic projects and their associated metadata. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:D475–D479. PubMed doi:10.1093/nar/gkm884

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. List of growth media used at DSMZ: http://www.dsmz.de/microorganisms/media_list.php.

  22. Zerbino DR, Birney E. Velvet: algorithms for de novo short read assembly using de Bruijn graphs. Genome Res 2008; 18:821–829. PubMed doi:10.1101/gr.074492.107

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Sims D, Brettin T, Detter JC, Han C, Lapidus A, Copeland A, Glavina Del Rio T, Nolan M, Chen F, Lucas S, et al. Complete genome sequence of Kytococcus sedentarius type strain (541T). Stand Genomic Sci 2009; 1:12–20. doi:10.4056/sigs.761

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Lapidus A, LaButti K, Foster B, Lowry S, Trong S, Goltsman E. POLISHER: An effective tool for using ultra short reads in microbial genome assembly and finishing. AGBT, Marco Island, FL, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Hyatt D, Chen GL, LoCascio PF, Land ML, Larimer FW, Hauser LJ. Prodigal: prokaryotic gene recognition and translation initiation site identification. BMC Bioinformatics 2010; 11:119. PubMed doi:10.1186/1471-2105-11-119

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Pati A, Ivanova NN, Mikhailova N, Ovchinnikova G, Hooper SD, Lykidis A, Kyrpides NC. GenePRIMP: a gene prediction improvement pipeline for prokaryotic genomes. Nat Methods 2010; 7:455–457. PubMed doi:10.1038/nmeth.1457

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Markowitz VM, Ivanova NN, Chen IMA, Chu K, Kyrpides NC. IMG ER: a system for microbial genome annotation expert review and curation. Bioinformatics 2009; 25:2271–2278. PubMed doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp393

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to gratefully acknowledge the help of Katja Steenblock for growing A. paucivorans cultures and Susanne Schneider for DNA extraction and quality analysis (both at DSMZ). This work was performed under the auspices of the US Department of Energy Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research Program, and by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory under contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC52-07NA27344, and Los Alamos National Laboratory under contract No. DE-AC02-06NA25396, UT-Battelle and Oak Ridge National Laboratory under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725, as well as German Research Foundation (DFG) INST 599/1-2 and Thailand Research Fund Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Program No. PHD/0019/2548 for MY.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Pitluck, S., Yasawong, M., Held, B. et al. Non-contiguous finished genome sequence of Aminomonas paucivorans type strain (GLU-3T). Stand in Genomic Sci 3, 285–293 (2010). https://doi.org/10.4056/sigs.1253298

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.4056/sigs.1253298

Keywords