Fig. 3

Contributions of fungal network modules to leaf saponin profiles. Correlations between eigengenes of modules, saponin profiles (Sap, the PC1 of leaf saponins), and environmental variables in PG a, PQ b, and PN c. Lines represent significant Spearman correlations (FDR < 0.05) between environmental factors and biotic factors. Heatmaps represent Spearman correlations among fungal modules and saponin profiles. *, FDR < 0.05; **, FDR < 0.01; ***, FDR < 0.001. MSE d and Spearman ρ e measures of four models constructed using two machine learning algorithms, respectively. Env represent models only containing environmental factors as features. Module eigengenes of LE and LP networks were further incorporated in EnvLE and EnvLP models, respectively. EnvALL models containing all environmental and module factors as features