Fig. 2

Clustering of the collected lichens into three haplotype groups was determined by sequence variations. (a) Phylogeny of Parmotrema using sole internal transcribed spacer (ITS) locus indicated that ITS gene appeared to be appropriate for further haplotype analysis. (b) The collected lichens were determined to comprise 16 haplotypes based on genetic diversity. The method of Templeton, Crandall and Sing was employed to generate the haplotype network, which was visualized using PopART v.1.7. (c) A grouping of the 16 haplotypes into three clusters was achieved through discriminant analysis of the principal components (PC). Clustering was performed by utilizing the two PCs with the highest explanatory power, despite obtaining 20 PCs to confirm sequence variation among haplotypes. (d) Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the lichen species used in the study, the haplotype clusters were randomly distributed in the locations. The Cluster 2 demonstrated the most sequence variations from the common ancestor. The phylogenetic trees in this figure were constructed by MEGA v7.0 based on maximum-likelihood method with 1,000 bootstrap replications and visualized through iTOL